| Type: | Package |
| Title: | Plant Photobiology Related Functions and Data |
| Version: | 0.6.0 |
| Date: | 2025-01-12 |
| Maintainer: | Pedro J. Aphalo <pedro.aphalo@helsinki.fi> |
| Description: | Provides functions for quantifying visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in relation to the photoreceptors Phytochromes, Cryptochromes, and UVR8 which are present in plants. It also includes data sets on the optical properties of plants. Part of the 'r4photobiology' suite, Aphalo P. J. (2015) <doi:10.19232/uv4pb.2015.1.14>. |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| VignetteBuilder: | knitr |
| Depends: | R (≥ 4.0.0), photobiology (≥ 0.11.2), photobiologyWavebands (≥ 0.5.2) |
| Suggests: | knitr (≥ 1.45), rmarkdown (≥ 2.26), ggplot2 (≥ 3.4.0), ggspectra (≥ 0.3.12), testthat (≥ 2.0.0) |
| LazyLoad: | yes |
| LazyData: | yes |
| ByteCompile: | true |
| Encoding: | UTF-8 |
| URL: | https://docs.r4photobiology.info/photobiologyPlants/ https://github.com/aphalo/photobiologyplants |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/aphalo/photobiologyplants/issues |
| RoxygenNote: | 7.3.2 |
| Config/testthat/edition: | 2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Packaged: | 2025-01-12 13:15:24 UTC; aphalo |
| Author: | Pedro J. Aphalo 
[aut, cre] |
| Repository: | CRAN |
| Date/Publication: | 2025-01-12 17:00:02 UTC |
photobiologyPlants: Plant Photobiology Related Functions and Data
Description
Provides functions for quantifying visible (VIS) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation in relation to the photoreceptors Phytochromes, Cryptochromes, and UVR8 which are present in plants. It also includes data sets on the optical properties of plants. Part of the 'r4photobiology' suite, Aphalo P. J. (2015) doi:10.19232/uv4pb.2015.1.14.
Details
Package 'photobiologyPlants' is part of a suite of packages for analysis and plotting of data relevant to photobiology (described at http://www.r4photobiology.info/). The current component package provides functions and data related to plant photoreceptors, light dependent reponses and optical properties of plants.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly funded by the Academy of Finland (decision 252548). COST Action FA9604 'UV4Growth' facilitated discussions and exchanges of ideas that lead to the development of this package.
Author(s)
Maintainer: Pedro J. Aphalo pedro.aphalo@helsinki.fi (ORCID)
References
Aphalo, Pedro J. (2015) The r4photobiology suite. UV4Plants Bulletin, 2015:1, 21-29. doi:10.19232/uv4pb.2015.1.14.
Aphalo, P. J., Albert, A., Bjoern, L. O., McLeod, A. R., Robson, T. M., Rosenqvist, E. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the Visible: A handbook of best practice in plant UV photobiology (1st ed., p. xxx + 174). Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences, Division of Plant Biology. ISBN 978-952-10-8363-1 (PDF), 978-952-10-8362-4 (paperback). Open access PDF download available at http://hdl.handle.net/10138/37558
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10.
Banerjee, R., Schleicher, E., Meier, S., Viana, R. M., Pokorny, R., Ahmad, M., ... Batschauer, A. (2007). The signaling state of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 contains flavin semiquinone. J Biol Chem, 282(20), 14916-14922. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700616200.
See Also
Package photobiology-package and
photobiologyWavebands-package.
Calculate B:G photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the blue:green photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
B_G(spct, std = "Sellaro", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of blue and green should be used, defaults to "Sellaro". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the B:G photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
B_G(sun.spct)
Spectral data for 'Betula ermanii' leaves
Description
A dataset containing for wavelengths at a 1 nm interval in the range 350 to 1000 nm, tabulated values for total reflectance and total transmittance, for the upper and lower epidermis of leaves of different ages from Erman's birch (Betula ermanii) trees growing in the forest in Japan.
The variables in each spectrum are as follows:
w.length (nm)
Rfr
Tfr
Usage
Betula_ermanii.mspct
Format
object_mspct collection object with six object_spct
member objects, each with 651 rows and 3 variables
Note
We thank H. M. Noda for allowing us to include these data in our package. We have included here only data for two leaves from one species (Betula ermanii) and for wavelengths shorter than 1000 nm, from the much larger original data set. The whole data set is publicly available and the data easy to read into R. The data included here where measured with a Li-Cor LI-1800 spectroradiometer equipped with a LI-1800-12 (Li-Cor) integrating sphere, and consequently are for total reflectance and total transmittance. Further details on methods are available through the JaLTER web site. If you use these data in a publication, please cite the original source as given under references and contact the original author. In addition cite this package.
References
Noda H. 'Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and
shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and
branches of 12 tree species in Japan' ERDP-2013-02.1.1
(http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2013-02.1.1/jalter-en)
JaLTER, Japan Long Term Ecological Research Network,
http://www.jalter.org/
CRY1, CRY2 and CRY3 absorbance spectra.
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at an arbitrary nm interval and spectral absorbance for plant cryptochromes 1 (CRY1), 2 (CRY2), and 3 (CRY3 or CRY-DASH). Tabulated values for the in vitro absorbance spectrum for Arabidopsis thaliana. CRY1 data were digitized from figure 1, curve "dark" and curve "30 min illumination" in Zeugnwer et al. (2005). The CRY2 data were digitized from Figure 1.B, curve "dark adapted sample", and curve "irradiated with blue light (450 nm, 50 umol m-2 s-1) during 30 min" in Banerjee et al. (2007). CRY3 data were digitized from figure 2a, curve "cry3" in Song et al. (2006).
Format
A filter_mspct with five member filter_spct objects each
with 300 rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
Banerjee, R., Schleicher, E., Meier, S., Viana, R. M., Pokorny, R., Ahmad, M., ... Batschauer, A. (2007) The signaling state of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 contains flavin semiquinone. J Biol Chem, 282(20), 14916-14922. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700616200
SONG, S.-H., B. DICK, , A. PENZKOFER, , R. POKORNY, , A. BATSCHAUER, L.-O. ESSEN (2006) Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of cryptochrome 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 85(1):1-16.
ZEUGNER, A., MARTIN BYRDIN, JEAN-PIERRE BOULY, NADIA BAKRIM, BALDISSERA GIOVANI, KLAUS BRETTEL, MARGARET AHMAD (2005) Light-induced Electron Transfer in Arabidopsis Cryptochrome-1 Correlates with in Vivo Function. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280(20):19437-19440.
Evapotranspiration
Description
Compute an estimate of reference (= potential) evapotranspiration from
meteorologial data. Evapotranspiration from vegetation includes
transpiraction by plants plus evaporation from the soil or other wet
surfaces. ET_0 is the reference value assuming no limitation to
transpiration due to soil water, similar to potential evapotranspiration
(PET). An actual evapotranpiration value ET can be estimated only if
additional information on the plants and soil is available.
Usage
ET_ref(
temperature,
water.vp,
wind.speed,
net.irradiance,
nighttime = FALSE,
atmospheric.pressure = 10.13,
soil.heat.flux = 0,
method = "FAO.PM",
check.range = TRUE
)
ET_ref_day(
temperature,
water.vp,
wind.speed,
net.radiation,
atmospheric.pressure = 10.13,
soil.heat.flux = 0,
method = "FAO.PM",
check.range = TRUE
)
Arguments
temperature |
numeric vector of air temperatures (C) at 2 m height. |
water.vp |
numeric vector of water vapour pressure in air (Pa). |
wind.speed |
numeric Wind speed (m/s) at 2 m height. |
net.irradiance |
numeric Long wave and short wave balance (W/m2). |
nighttime |
logical Used only for methods that distinguish between daytime- and nighttime canopy conductances. |
atmospheric.pressure |
numeric Atmospheric pressure (Pa). |
soil.heat.flux |
numeric Soil heat flux (W/m2), positive if soil temperature is increasing. |
method |
character The name of an estimation method. |
check.range |
logical Flag indicating whether to check or not that
arguments for temperature are within range of method. Passed to
function calls to |
net.radiation |
numeric Long wave and short wave balance (J/m2/day). |
Details
Currently three methods, based on the Penmann-Monteith equation
formulated as recommended by FAO56 (Allen et al., 1998) as well as modified
in 2005 for tall and short vegetation according to ASCE-EWRI are
implemented in function ET_ref(). The computations rely on data
measured according WHO standards at 2 m above ground level to estimate
reference evapotranspiration (ET_0). The formulations are those for
ET expressed in mm/h, but modified to use as input flux rates in W/m2 and
pressures expressed in Pa.
Value
A numeric vector of reference evapotranspiration estimates expressed
in mm/h for ET_ref() and in mm/d for ET_ref_day().
References
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Rome: FAO.
Allen R G, Pruitt W O, Wright J L, Howell T A, Ventura F, Snyder R, Itenfisu D, Steduto P, Berengena J, Yrisarry J, et al. 2006. A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ETo by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method. Agricultural Water Management 81.
See Also
Other Evapotranspiration and energy balance related functions.:
net_irradiance()
Examples
# instantaneous
ET_ref(temperature = 20,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(relative.humidity = 70,
temperature = 20),
wind.speed = 0,
net.irradiance = 10)
ET_ref(temperature = c(5, 20, 35),
water.vp = water_RH2vp(70, c(5, 20, 35)),
wind.speed = 0,
net.irradiance = 10)
# Hot and dry air
ET_ref(temperature = 35,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(10, 35),
wind.speed = 5,
net.irradiance = 400)
ET_ref(temperature = 35,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(10, 35),
wind.speed = 5,
net.irradiance = 400,
method = "FAO.PM")
ET_ref(temperature = 35,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(10, 35),
wind.speed = 5,
net.irradiance = 400,
method = "ASCE.PM.short")
ET_ref(temperature = 35,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(10, 35),
wind.speed = 5,
net.irradiance = 400,
method = "ASCE.PM.tall")
# Low temperature and high humidity
ET_ref(temperature = 5,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(95, 5),
wind.speed = 0.5,
net.irradiance = -10,
nighttime = TRUE,
method = "ASCE.PM.short")
ET_ref_day(temperature = 35,
water.vp = water_RH2vp(10, 35),
wind.speed = 5,
net.radiation = 35e6) # 35 MJ / d / m2
McCree's action spectra for whole-leaf photosynthesis.
Description
The 'classical' action spectra of K. J. McCree (1972) for
Amaranthus edulis Speg. var. UCD 1966 and Avena sativa L.
var. Coronado are included in this data set. Response is net CO_2
uptake measured on leaf sections umder monochromatic light. The light
source used was a xenon-arc lamp fitted with a monochromator. Irradiance
was in the range 10 to 15 W m^{-2}.
Format
A response_mspct object with two member
response_spct
objects each with 300 rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length and
s.e.response.
Note
Digitised from bitmap of from the original publication.
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references.
References
McCree, K. J. (1972) Significance of Enhancement for Calculations Based on the Action Spectrum for Photosynthesis. Plant Physiology, 49, 704-706. Fig. 1, AMARANTH.
Examples
summary(McCree_photosynthesis.mspct)
PHOT1 and PHOT2 absorbance spectra.
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at an arbitrary nm interval for plant photoreceptors phototropin 1 and phototropin 2. Tabulated values for the in vitro absorbance spectrum of PHOT1 LOV2 domain for fluorescence yield of PHOT1 and PHOT2 from Arabidopsis thaliana measured in vitro. PHOT1 fluorescence yield data were digitized from figure 1a curve "LOV1 + LOV2 (WT) and PHOT2 fluorescence yield data were digitized from figure 7a curve "LOV1 + LOV2 (WT) in Christie et al. (2002). PHOT1 LOV2, dark adapted, spectral absorbance data were digitized from figure 3, black curve and PHOT1 LOV2, blue-light adapted spectral absorbance data were digitized from figure 3, blue curve in Christie et al. (2015).
Format
A filter_mspct with five member filter_spct objects each
with 300 rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
CHRISTIE, John M., SWARTZ, Trevor E., BOGOMOLNI, Roberto A., BRIGGS, Winslow R. (2002) Phototropin LOV domains exhibit distinct roles in regulating photoreceptor function. The Plant Journal 32(2):205-219.
CHRISTIE, J. M., BLACKWOOD, L., PETERSEN, J., SULLIVAN, S. (2015) Plant Flavoprotein Photoreceptors. Plant and Cell Physiology. 56(3):401-413.
Tabulated data for Phytochrome Sigma
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at a 1 nm interval. Tabulated values for Sigma R and Sigma FR for Type I Phytochrome as compiled by Mancinelli (1994).
The variables are as follows:
wavelength (nm)
Sigma.R (quantum effectiveness)
-
Sigma.FR (quantum effectiveness)
Format
A generic_mspct with one member generic_spct object
with 49 rows and 3 numeric variables, w.length, Sigma.R and
Sigma.FR.
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
Calculation of Pfr:Ptot ratio from spectral irradiance
Description
Ratio between Pr and Ptot (photoequilibrium) for Type I Phytochrome.
Usage
Pfr_P_ratio(
w.length,
s.irrad = rep(1, length(w.length)),
unit.in = "energy",
check.spectrum = TRUE,
use.cached.mult = FALSE
)
Arguments
w.length |
numeric array of wavelength (nm) |
s.irrad |
numeric array of spectral (energy) irradiances (W m-2 nm-1) or (mol s-1 m-2) |
unit.in |
character string with allowed values "energy", and "photon", or its alias "quantum" |
check.spectrum |
logical indicating whether to sanity check input data, default is TRUE |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls |
Value
a single numeric value giving the unitless photon ratio
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
Calculation of Pfr:Ptot ratio for monochromatic radiation.
Description
Ratio between Pr and Ptot (photoequilibrium) for Type I Phytochrome.
Usage
Pfr_P_ratio_mono(w.length)
Arguments
w.length |
a single value or a vector of wavelengths (nm) |
Value
a single value or a vector of numeric values giving the unitless ratio
Warning!
Exact only for narrow band light sources!
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
Calculate phytochrome photoequilibrium
Description
A method implemented for objects of different classes.
Usage
Pfr_Ptot(x, ...)
## Default S3 method:
Pfr_Ptot(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'numeric'
Pfr_Ptot(x, spct.out = length(x) > 20, ...)
## S3 method for class 'source_spct'
Pfr_Ptot(x, ...)
Arguments
x |
an R object |
... |
not used |
spct.out |
logical Flag indicating if the returned object should be of
class |
Value
If x is numeric, giving wavelengths (nm), a vector of
numeric values giving the unitless photon ratio at each wavelength or a
generic_spct object with the wavelength values sorted in ascending
order and the corresponding Pfr_Ptot values in column
s.q.response.
If x is a source_spct object, a single numeric value
giving the unitless photon ratio
Methods (by class)
-
Pfr_Ptot(default): Default for generic function -
Pfr_Ptot(numeric): Specialization for numeric -
Pfr_Ptot(source_spct): Specialization for source_spctCalculate phytochrome photoequilibrium from spectral (photon) irradiance
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references.
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
Pr:Ptot ratio (photoequilibrium) from R:FR photon ratio.
Description
Calculation of Pfr:Ptot ratio for Type I Phytochrome from red:far-red photon ratio. "Exact" only for dichromatic irradiation, only approximate for R:FR ratio calculated from a broadband light source.
Usage
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR(R.FR)
Arguments
R.FR |
R:FR a single value or a vector of photon ratio (dimentionless) values |
Value
a single value or a vector of numeric values giving the Pr:Ptot dimensionless ratio
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
See Also
Examples
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR(1.15)
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR(0.10)
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR(c(0.1,1.15,5.0,20.0))
Phytochrome Sigma as a function of wavelength
Description
Phytochrome Sigma as a function of wavelength, calculated by interpolation from data for Type I Phytochrome as compiled by Mancinelli (1994).
Usage
Phy_Sigma(w.length)
Arguments
w.length |
numeric array of wavelength (nm) |
Value
a numeric array with values for Sigma
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
See Also
Examples
with(sun.data, Phy_Sigma(w.length))
Pfr Sigma as a function of wavelength
Description
Pfr Sigma as a function of wavelength, calculated by interpolation from data for Type I Phytochrome as compiled by Mancinelli (1994).
Usage
Phy_Sigma_FR(w.length, use.cached.mult = FALSE)
Arguments
w.length |
numeric array of wavelength (nm) |
use.cached.mult |
logical ignored |
Value
a numeric array with values for Sigma
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
See Also
Phy_Sigma,
Pfr_Ptot and
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR
Examples
with(sun.spct, Phy_Sigma_FR(w.length))
with(sun.spct, Phy_Sigma_FR(w.length, TRUE))
Pr Sigma as a function of wavelength
Description
Pr Sigma as a function of wavelength, calculated by interpolation from data for Type I Phytochrome as compiled by Mancinelli (1994).
Usage
Phy_Sigma_R(w.length, use.cached.mult = FALSE)
Arguments
w.length |
numeric array of wavelength (nm) |
use.cached.mult |
logical ignored |
Value
a numeric array with values for Sigma
References
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
See Also
Phy_Sigma,
Pfr_Ptot and
Pfr_Ptot_R_FR
Examples
with(sun.data, Phy_Sigma_R(w.length))
with(sun.data, Phy_Sigma_R(w.length, TRUE))
Phytochrome reaction rates
Description
Rate constants k_1 Pr -> Pfr; k_2 Pfr -> Pr; photoconversion rate
\nu = k_1 + k_2 for Type I Phytochrome.
Usage
Phy_reaction_rates(
w.length,
s.irrad,
unit.in = "energy",
check.spectrum = TRUE,
use.cached.mult = FALSE
)
Arguments
w.length |
numeric array of wavelength (nm) |
s.irrad |
numeric array of spectral (energy) irradiances (W m-2 nm-1) or (mol s-1 m-2) |
unit.in |
character string with allowed values "energy", and "photon", or its alias "quantum" |
check.spectrum |
logical indicating whether to sanity check input data, default is TRUE |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls |
Value
a list of three numeric values giving the photoconversion rate
(\nu) and reaction rates (k_1, k_2).
References
Hayward, P. M. (1984) Determination of phytochrome parameters from radiation measurements. In Techniques in Photomorphogenesis, H. Smith and M. G. Holmes (eds). Academic Press, London, pp. 159-173. ISBN 0-12-652990-6.
Mancinelli, A.L. (1994) The physiology of phytochrome action. In Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd edition. R.E. Kendrick and G.H.M. Kronenberg, eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 211-269. ISBN 978-0-7923-2551-2 (print), 978-94-011-1884-2 (on-line). doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1884-2_10
See Also
Examples
library(photobiology)
trimmed.sun.spct <- trim_wl(sun.spct, range = c(300, 770))
with(trimmed.sun.spct, Phy_reaction_rates(w.length, s.e.irrad))
Calculate R:FR photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the red:far-red photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
R_FR(spct, std = "Smith10", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of red and far-red should be used, defaults to "Smith". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the R:FR photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
R_FR(sun.spct)
Spectral optical data for 'Solidago altissima' leaves
Description
A dataset containing for wavelengths at a 1 nm interval in the range 350 to 1000 nm, tabulated values for total reflectance and total transmittance, for the upper and lower epidermis of one leaf from the upper part of a shoot and another one from the lower part of a shoot of tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima).
The variables in each spectrum are as follows:
w.length (nm)
Rfr
Tfr
Usage
Solidago_altissima.mspct
Format
object_mspct collection object with four object_spct
member objects, each with 651 rows and 3 variables
Note
We thank H. M. Noda for allowing us to include these data in our package. We have included here only data for two leaves from one species (Solidago altissima) and for wavelengths shorter than 1000 nm, from the much larger original data set. The whole data set is publicly available and the data easy to read into R. The data included here where measured with a Li-Cor LI-1800 spectroradiometer equipped with a LI-1800-12 (Li-Cor) integrating sphere, and consequently are for total reflectance and total transmittance. Further details on methods are available through the JaLTER web site. If you use these data in a publication, please cite the original source as given under references and contact the original author. In addition cite this package.
References
Noda H. 'Reflectance and transmittance spectra of leaves and
shoots of 22 vascular plant species and reflectance spectra of trunks and
branches of 12 tree species in Japan' ERDP-2013-02.1.1
(http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/JaLTER/metacat/metacat/ERDP-2013-02.1.1/jalter-en)
JaLTER, Japan Long Term Ecological Research Network,
http://www.jalter.org/
Calculate UVA1:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVA1:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVA1_UV(spct, std = "CIE", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVA1 should be used, defaults to "CIE". For UV "ISO" is always used. |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVA1_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVA2:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVA2:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVA2_UV(spct, std = "CIE", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVA1 should be used, defaults to "CIE". For UV "ISO" is always used. |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVA2_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVA:PAR photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVA:PAR photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVA_PAR(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVA should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:PAR photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVA_PAR(sun.spct)
Calculate UVA:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVA:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVA_UV(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVB and UV should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVA_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVAlw:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVA:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVAlw_UV(spct, std = "plants", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVAlw should be used, defaults to "plants". For UV "ISO" is always used. |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
Note
Whenever possible use UVA1 instead of UVAlw and UVA2 instead of UVAsw as UVA1 and UVA2 are frequently used definitions, even if not standardised, while UVAlw and UVAsw are ad-hoc definitions used in some publications for specific optical filters.
See Also
Examples
UVA_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVAsw:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVAsw:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVAsw_UV(spct, std = "plants", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVAsw should be used, defaults to "plants". For UV "ISO" is always used. |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVA:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
Note
Whenever possible use UVA1 instead of UVAlw and UVA2 instead of UVAsw as UVA1 and UVA2 are frequently used definitions, even if not standardised, while UVAlw and UVAsw are ad-hoc definitions used in some publications for specific optical filters.
See Also
Examples
UVAsw_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVB:PAR photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVB:PAR photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVB_PAR(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVB should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVB:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVB_PAR(sun.spct)
Calculate UVB:UV photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVB:UV photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVB_UV(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVB and UV should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVB:UV photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVB_UV(sun.spct)
Calculate UVB:UVA photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UVB:UVA photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UVB_UVA(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UVB and UVA should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UVB:UVA photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UVB_UVA(sun.spct)
UVR8 absorbance spectrum
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at an arbitrary nm interval. Tabulated values for the in vitro absorbance spectrum of UVR8.
Format
A filter_spct object with two member filter_spct
objects.
Details
The variables are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
Christie, J. M., A. S. Arvai, K. J. Baxter, M. Heilmann, A. J. Pratt, A. O'Hara, S. M. Kelly, M. Hothorn, B. O. Smith, K. Hitomi, et al. (2012). Plant UVR8 photoreceptor senses UV-B by tryptophan-mediated disruption of cross-dimer salt bridges. In: Science (New York, N.Y.) 335.6075, pp. 1492-1496. doi:10.1126/science.1218091. (Figure S3)
Neha Rai Andrew O'Hara Daniel Farkas Omid Safronov Khuanpiroon Ratanasopa Fang Wang Anders V. Lindfors Gareth I. Jenkins Tarja Lehto Jarkko Salojärvi Mikael Brosché Åke Strid Pedro J. Aphalo Luis O. Morales (2020) The photoreceptor UVR8 mediates the perception of both UV‐B and UV‐A wavelengths up to 350 nm of sunlight with responsivity moderated by cryptochromes. Plant Cell and Environment, early on-line. doi:10.1111/pce.13752. (Figure S7)
Examples
names(UVR8s.mspct)
getWhatMeasured(UVR8s.mspct[[1]])
Calculate UV:PAR photon ratio from spectral irradiance.
Description
This function returns the UV:PAR photon ratio of a light source spectrum.
Usage
UV_PAR(spct, std = "ISO", use.cached.mult = FALSE, use.hinges = TRUE)
Arguments
spct |
an object of class "source.spct". |
std |
select which definition of UV should be used, defaults to "ISO". |
use.cached.mult |
logical indicating whether multiplier values should be cached between calls. |
use.hinges |
logical indicating whether to use hinges to reduce interpolation errors. |
Value
a single numeric dimensionless value giving the UV:PAR photon ratio, with name attribute set to the name of the wavebands, with "(q:q)" appended.
See Also
Examples
UV_PAR(sun.spct)
ZTL absorbance spectra.
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at an arbitrary nm interval. Tabulated values for the in vitro absorbance spectrum of ZTL LOV2 domain from Arabidopsis measured in vitro. Data were digitized from figure 2B in Zoltowski and Imaizumi (2014).
Format
A filter_mspct with five member filter_spct objects each
with 300 rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
Zoltowski, B. D., Imaizumi, T. (2014). Structure and Function of the ZTL/FKF1/LKP2 Group Proteins in Arabidopsis. Enzymes, 35, 213-39.
Absorbance spectra for carotenoids.
Description
A dataset containing the wavelengths at an arbitrary nm interval. Tabulated values for the in vitro absorbance spectrum of beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, 3-4,di-hydro-lycopene, phytoene, phytofluene, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. Data were digitized from plots downloaded from LipidBase (https://lipidbank.jp/), The official database of Japanese Conference on the Biochemistry of Lipids (JCBL). Data contributed to LipinBank by Takaichi Sinichi.
Format
A filter_mspct with eight member filter_spct objects each
with 300 rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original source as given under references in addition to this package.
References
Watanabe K., Yasugi E. and Oshima M. "How to search the glycolipid data in LIPIDBANK for Web: the newly developed lipid database" Japan Trend Glycosci. and Glycotechnol. 12, 175-184, 2000.
Examples
names(carotenoids.mspct)
getWhatMeasured(carotenoids.mspct[[1]])
Absorbance spectra for chlorophylls.
Description
Optical absorption spectra of chlorophyll a in methanol and chlorophylls a and by in diethyl ether containing the wavelengths at 1 nm interval.
Format
A filter_mspct with three member filter_spct objects
each with variable number of rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length
and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Data from PhotochemCAD 2.1a has been munged on 2 June 2017 by Scott Prahl (https://omlc.org/) to make the information available to non-Windows users. Although he has tried to be as careful as possible, he may have introduced some error; the cautious user is advised to compare these results with the original sources (Du et al., 1998; Dixon et al., 2005).
The spectral absorption measurements of chlorophyll a in methanol,
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in diethyl ether were made by J.
Li on 12-11-1997 using a Cary 3 spectrophotometer. The absorption values were
collected using a spectral bandwidth of 1.0 nm, a signal averaging time of
0.133 sec, a data interval of 0.25 nm, and a scan rate of 112.5 nm/min.
Chlorophyll a measurements were scaled to make the molar extinction
coefficient match the value of 111700 cm-1/M at 417.8 nm. These values were
then interpolated to report extinction coefficients at regular 1 nm intervals.
The reported molar extinction coefficient is from Strain et al. (1963).
Chlorophyll b measurements were scaled to make the molar extinction
coefficient match the value of 159100 cm-1/M at 453.0 nm. These values were
then interpolated to report extinction coefficients at regular 1 nm intervals.
The reported molar extinction coefficient is from Vernon and Seely (1966).
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original sources as given under references. For more information please visit https://omlc.org/.
References
J. M. Dixon, M. Taniguchi and J. S. Lindsey "PhotochemCAD 2. A refined program with accompanying spectral databases for photochemical calculations", Photochem. Photobiol., 81, 212-213, 2005.
H. Du, R. A. Fuh, J. Li, A. Corkan, J. S. Lindsey, "PhotochemCAD: A computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry," Photochem. Photobiol., 68, 141-142, 1998.
Strain, H. H., M. R. Thomas and J. J. Katz (1963) Spectral absorption properties of ordinary and fully deuteriated chlorophylls a and b. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 75, 306-311.
Vernon, L. P. and G. R. Seely (1966) The chlorophylls. Academic Press, NY.
Examples
names(chlorophylls.mspct)
getWhatMeasured(chlorophylls.mspct[[1]])
Fluorescence emission spectra for chlorophylls.
Description
Optical absorption spectra of chlorophyll a in methanol and chlorophylls a
and b in diethyl ether containing the wavelengths at 1 nm interval.
Format
A filter_mspct with three member filter_spct objects
each with variable number of rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length
and A
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
A (spectral absorbance)
Data from PhotochemCAD 2.1a has been munged on 2 June 2017 by Scott Prahl (https://omlc.org/) to make the information available to non-Windows users. Although he has tried to be as careful as possible, he may have introduced some error; the cautious user is advised to compare these results with the original sources at https://www.photochemcad.com/ (Du et al., 1998; Dixon et al., 2005).
Fluorescence emission was measured using a Spex FluoroMax. The excitation and emission monochromators were set at 1 mm, giving a spectral bandwidth of 4.25 nm. The data interval was 0.5 nm and the integration time was 2.0 sec. Samples were prepared in 1cm path length quartz cells with absorbance less than 0.1 at the excitation and all emission wavelengths to uniformly illuminate across the sample, and to avoid the inner-filter effect. The dark counts were subtracted and the spectra were corrected for wavelength-dependent instrument sensitivity.
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original sources as given under references. For more information please visit https://omlc.org/.
References
J. M. Dixon, M. Taniguchi and J. S. Lindsey "PhotochemCAD 2. A refined program with accompanying spectral databases for photochemical calculations", Photochem. Photobiol., 81, 212-213, 2005.
H. Du, R. A. Fuh, J. Li, A. Corkan, J. S. Lindsey, "PhotochemCAD: A computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry," Photochem. Photobiol., 68, 141-142, 1998.
Examples
names(chlorophylls_fluorescence.mspct)
getWhatMeasured(chlorophylls_fluorescence.mspct[[1]])
Fluorescence emission spectra of leaves.
Description
Fluroescence spectra of whole leaves of wheat excited with low irradiance of
UVA1 radiation at 355 nm. Fluorescence state of chlorophylls equivalent to
F_0.
Format
A source_mspct with one member source_spct object.
each with variable number of rows and 2 numeric variables, w.length
and s.e.irrad
Details
The variables of the member spectra are as follows:
w.length (nm)
s.e.irrad (QSEU)
Data for spectrum wheat_Fo_ex355nm from Meyer et al. (2003, Fig. 2A).
The fluorescence emission is expressed in quinine sulphate equivalent units (QSEU).
Data were obtained by digitizing the figure in the publication and extracting
the data with DigitizeIt under Windows 11.
Note
If you use these data in a publication, please cite also the original sources as given under references.
References
Meyer et al. (2003) UV-induced blue-green and far-red fluorescence along wheat leaves: a potential signature of leaf ageing. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 757-769. doi:10.1093/jxb/erg063.
Examples
names(leaf_fluorescence.mspct)
what_measured(leaf_fluorescence.mspct)
Net radiation flux
Description
Estimate net radiation balance expressed as a flux in W/m2. If
lw.down.irradiance is passed a value in W / m2 the difference is
computed directly and if not an approximate value is estimated, using
R_rel = 0.75 which corresponds to clear sky, i.e., uncorrected for
cloudiness. This is the approach to estimation that is recommended by FAO for
hourly estimates while here we use it for instantaneous or mean flux rates.
Usage
net_irradiance(
temperature,
sw.down.irradiance,
lw.down.irradiance = NULL,
sw.albedo = 0.23,
lw.emissivity = 0.98,
water.vp = 0,
R_rel = 1
)
Arguments
temperature |
numeric vector of air temperatures (C) at 2 m height. |
sw.down.irradiance, lw.down.irradiance |
numeric Down-welling short wave and long wave radiation radiation (W/m2). |
sw.albedo |
numeric Albedo as a fraction of one (/1). |
lw.emissivity |
numeric Emissivity of the surface (ground or vegetation) for long wave radiation. |
water.vp |
numeric vector of water vapour pressure in air (Pa), ignored
if |
R_rel |
numeric The ratio of actual and clear sky short wave irradiance (/1). |
Value
A numeric vector of evapotranspiration estimates expressed as W / m-2.
See Also
Other Evapotranspiration and energy balance related functions.:
ET_ref()
Water vapour pressure
Description
Approximate water pressure in air as a function of temperature, and its inverse the calculation of dewpoint.
Usage
water_vp_sat(
temperature,
over.ice = FALSE,
method = "tetens",
check.range = TRUE
)
water_dp(water.vp, over.ice = FALSE, method = "tetens", check.range = TRUE)
water_fp(water.vp, over.ice = TRUE, method = "tetens", check.range = TRUE)
water_vp2mvc(water.vp, temperature)
water_mvc2vp(water.mvc, temperature)
water_vp2RH(
water.vp,
temperature,
over.ice = FALSE,
method = "tetens",
pc = TRUE,
check.range = TRUE
)
water_RH2vp(
relative.humidity,
temperature,
over.ice = FALSE,
method = "tetens",
pc = TRUE,
check.range = TRUE
)
water_vp_sat_slope(
temperature,
over.ice = FALSE,
method = "tetens",
check.range = TRUE,
temperature.step = 0.1
)
psychrometric_constant(atmospheric.pressure = 101325)
Arguments
temperature |
numeric vector of air temperatures (C). |
over.ice |
logical vector Is the estimate for equilibrium with liquid water or with ice. |
method |
character Currently "tetens", modified "magnus", "wexler" and "goff.gratch" equations are supported. |
check.range |
logical Flag indicating whether to check or not that
arguments for temperature are within the range of validity of the
|
water.vp |
numeric vector of water vapour pressure in air (Pa). |
water.mvc |
numeric vector of water vapour concnetration as mass per
volume ( |
pc |
logical flag for result returned as percent or not. |
relative.humidity |
numeric Relative humidity as fraction of 1. |
temperature.step |
numeric Delta or step used to estimate the slope as a finite difference (C). |
atmospheric.pressure |
numeric Atmospheric pressure (Pa). |
Details
Function water_vp_sat() provides implementations of several
well known equations for the estimation of saturation vapor pressure in
air. Functions water_dp() and water_fp() use the inverse of
these equations to compute the dew point or frost point from water vapour
pressure in air. The inverse functions are either analytical solutions or
fitted approximations. None of these functions are solved numerically by
iteration.
Method "tetens" implements Tetens' (1930) equation for the cases of
equilibrium with a water and an ice surface. Method "magnus"
implements the modified Magnus equations of Alduchov and Eskridge (1996,
eqs. 21 and 23). Method "wexler" implements the equations proposed
by Wexler (1976, 1977), and their inverse according to Hardy (1998). Method
"goff.gratch" implements the equations of Groff and Gratch (1946)
with the minor updates of Groff (1956).
The equations are approximations, and in spite of their different names,
Tetens' and Magnus' equations have the same form with the only difference
in the values of the parameters. However, the modified Magnus equation is
more accurate as Tetens equation suffers from some bias errors at extreme
low temperatures (< -40 C). In contrast Magnus equations with recently
fitted values for the parameters are usable for temperatures from -80 C to
+50 C over water and -80 C to 0 C over ice. The Groff Gratch equation is
more complex and is frequently used as a reference in comparison as it is
considered reliable over a broad range of temperatures. Wexler's equations
are computationally simpler and fitted to relatively recent data. There is
little difference at temperatures in the range -20 C to +50 C, and
differences become large at extreme temperatures. Temperatures outside the
range where estimations are highly reliable for each equation return
NA, unless extrapolation is enabled by passing FALSE as
argument to parameter check.range.
The switch between equations for ice or water cannot be based on
air temperature, as it depends on the presence or not of a surface of
liquid water. It must be set by passing an argument to parameter
over.ice which defaults to FALSE.
Tetens equation is still very frequently used, and is for example the one recommended by FAO for computing potential evapotranspiration. For this reason it is used as default here.
Value
A numeric vector of partial pressures in pascal (Pa) for
water_vp_sat() and water_mvc2vp(), a numeric vector of dew point
temperatures (C) for water_dp() and numeric vector of mass per volume
concentrations (g m^{-3}) for water_vp2mvc(). water_vp_sat() and
psychrometric_constant() both return numeric vectors of pressure per
degree of temperature (Pa C^{-1})
Note
The inverse of the Groff Gratch equation has yet to be implemented.
References
Tetens, O., 1930. Uber einige meteorologische Begriffe. Zeitschrift fur Geophysik, Vol. 6:297.
Goff, J. A., and S. Gratch (1946) Low-pressure properties of water from -160 to 212 F, in Transactions of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, pp 95-122, presented at the 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, New York, 1946.
Wexler, A. (1976) Vapor Pressure Formulation for Water in Range 0 to 100°C. A Revision, Journal of Research ofthe National Bureau of Standards: A. Physics and Chemistry, September-December 1976, Vol. 80A, Nos.5 and 6, 775-785
Wexler, A., (1977) Vapor Pressure Formulation for Ice, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards - A. Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 81A, No. 1, 5-19
Alduchov, O. A., Eskridge, R. E., 1996. Improved Magnus Form Approximation of Saturation Vapor Pressure. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35: 601-609 .
Hardy, Bob (1998) ITS-90 formulations for vapor pressure, frostpoint temperature, dewpoint temperature, andenhancement factors in the range -100 TO +100 C. The Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Humidity & Moisture, Teddington, London, England, April 1998. https://www.decatur.de/javascript/dew/resources/its90formulas.pdf
Monteith, J., Unsworth, M. (2008) Principles of Environmental Physics. Academic Press, Amsterdam.
Allen R G, Pereira L S, Raes D, Smith M. (1998) Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome: FAO.
[Equations describing the physical properties of moist air](http://www.conservationphysics.org/atmcalc/atmoclc2.pdf)
Examples
water_vp_sat(20) # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40)) # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = -10) # over water!!
water_vp_sat(temperature = -10, over.ice = TRUE)
water_vp_sat(temperature = 20) / 100 # C -> mbar
water_vp_sat(temperature = 20, method = "magnus") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = 20, method = "tetens") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = 20, method = "wexler") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = 20, method = "goff.gratch") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = -20, over.ice = TRUE, method = "magnus") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = -20, over.ice = TRUE, method = "tetens") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = -20, over.ice = TRUE, method = "wexler") # C -> Pa
water_vp_sat(temperature = -20, over.ice = TRUE, method = "goff.gratch") # C -> Pa
water_dp(water.vp = 1000) # Pa -> C
water_dp(water.vp = 1000, method = "magnus") # Pa -> C
water_dp(water.vp = 1000, method = "wexler") # Pa -> C
water_dp(water.vp = 500, over.ice = TRUE) # Pa -> C
water_dp(water.vp = 500, method = "wexler", over.ice = TRUE) # Pa -> C
water_fp(water.vp = 300) # Pa -> C
water_dp(water.vp = 300, over.ice = TRUE) # Pa -> C
water_vp2RH(water.vp = 1500, temperature = 20) # Pa, C -> RH %
water_vp2RH(water.vp = 1500, temperature = c(20, 30)) # Pa, C -> RH %
water_vp2RH(water.vp = c(600, 1500), temperature = 20) # Pa, C -> RH %
water_vp2mvc(water.vp = 1000, temperature = 20) # Pa -> g m-3
water_mvc2vp(water.mvc = 30, temperature = 40) # g m-3 -> Pa
water_dp(water.vp = water_mvc2vp(water.mvc = 10, temperature = 30)) # g m-3 -> C
water_vp_sat_slope(temperature = 20) # C -> Pa / C
psychrometric_constant(atmospheric.pressure = 81.8e3) # Pa -> Pa / C